Common side effects after use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) include bone and muscle pain, headache, fever, and inflammation at the injection site. Less common side effects that cause serious morbidity and mortality in the early period include stroke, myocardial infarction (0.1%), and clinical conditions resulting from thrombosis, such as deep vein thrombosis .

A 60-year-old, Stage 3A, Multiple Myeloma (MM) patient with a very good partial response was planned stem cell mobilization with GCSF. The patient, who had no abnormalities in blood values ​​and a normal cardiological examination approximately 1 month ago, was administered 10 micrograms/kg/day GCSF and approximately 6 hours after the first dose, the patient developed severe chest pain radiating to the left arm. The patient's ECG evaluation showed sinusoidal rhythm but tachycardia (115/beat/one minute). WBC: 29.7 × 103/μL, d dimer: 3510 μg/L and troponin: positivity. Angiography was performed on the patient because troponin values ​​were increasing. A decrease in blood flow was detected in the LAD and right coronary artery branches. The patient's complaints improved with medical antiaggregant, anticoagulant and vasodilator treatment and he was discharged.

G-CSF acts as a regulator of myeloid progenitors and acts by promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation. The G-CSF receptor is found on hematopoietic stem cells, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes and also expressed on non-hematopoietic cardiovascular, neuronal, endothelial, and placental cells . there are rare reports that G-CSF and hematopoietic stem cells play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. Halter et al. reported in their study on 388 donors that 4 of the donors developed cardiac arrest within 30 days after stem cell mobilization, and 3 of these were due to myocardial infarction. This case is important in terms of emphasizing that we should follow the patient's clinical and biochemical evaluations very closely and be careful during the mobilization process.