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Vol. 41. Issue 3.
Pages 197-198 (July - September 2019)
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Vol. 41. Issue 3.
Pages 197-198 (July - September 2019)
Scientific Comment
Open Access
Comment to: Test seeking: are health care professionals referring people to the blood centers for infectious markers testing?
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José Eduardo Levia,b,
Corresponding author
dudilevi@usp.br

Corresponding author at: Virology Lab, Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, Rua Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 470, CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
a Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de São Paulo (IMTSP – USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
b Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Elizabeth C. Moreno, Roberta Bruhn, Ester C. Sabino, Eduarda Bolina-Santos, Carolina Miranda, Anna Barbara Carneiro-Proietti, Maria Esther Lopes, Cesar de Almeida-Neto, Paula Loureiro, Ligia Capuani, Pedro L. Takecian, Brian Custer, Thelma T. Gonçalez
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The main finding of the article of Moreno and collaborators1 published in this issue of Hematology, Transfusion and Cell Therapy, is astonishing: health care professionals, mainly medical doctors, advised at-risk and HIV infected subjects to try to donate blood in order to get tested for HIV and hepatitis viruses.

Test seeking at blood centers is well known to occur in Brazil2 and elsewhere.3 Based on specific questions additional to the regular predonation questionnaire, the same research group estimated that overall 8.8% of donors in a large Brazilian blood center2 were test seekers corroborated by the finding of 8.1% on a second survey conducted in three large blood centers.4 These studies disclosed reasons leading such individuals to seek for testing through blood donations: easy access, fast results, reliability of the blood bank and its testing system are the main factors pointed by test seekers. An important proportion of test seekers does not recognize the risk presented by their blood donation, specially after risky behaviors.4,5 Part of this group is simply not aware of the risk of HIV transmission in the window period, while another portion is informed, but seems to trust that, if they are HIV infected the blood bank will surely detect it and avoid transmission. Such misinformation is the focus of many efforts aiming to bring to the general population and blood donation candidates the message that blood banks are not the proper site to be HIV tested.

While unawareness of basic facts about HIV and other blood transmissible agents by the lay public is understandable, it comes as a surprise that health professionals may incur into the same mistakes. The study on the spotlight was the first to document a role of medical professionals in stimulating such test seeking behavior at blood centers.

Though disturbing, it is important to notice that “medically-induced” test seeking corresponded to a small fraction of the deferred donors studied, 468 out of 4.013 (11.8%) donors deferred due to higher risk behaviors reported having donated to be tested upon a health professional suggestion. Perhaps more worrisome, 43 out of 341 HIV+ donors visited the blood bank to be tested upon a healthcare professional referral, 29 of those by medical doctors! Why a medical doctor would advise an HIV+ patient, or a patient that acknowledge a high risk for a recent HIV infection to donate blood? The study goes further in elucidating this puzzle by presenting data that indicates the main reason is to get tested for hepatitis viruses. In this aspect, such referring physicians and other healthcare providers are adequately indicating hepatitis B and C viruses testing for their patients, as these are common co-infections in HIV patients, but largely ignoring the risk such referral poses to blood recipients. So, it gets clear through this dataset that more education on specific aspects of viral biology related to the risk for their transfusion transmission is greatly needed.

Such education for healthcare providers and blood donor candidates becomes more urgent in the face of the now widespread and increasing use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP).6 It is recognized that PreP promotes abnormal and delayed seroconversions which may have an obvious significant impact to blood screening.7 Moreover, donors harboring HIV antibodies and concomitant very low HIV viral load, were depicted worldwide after sensitive nucleic acid testing was introduced for blood screening. These donors were denominated “elite controllers”, under the view that they would represent a subset of infected persons able to naturally suppress viral replication.8 However, recently, 66% of them were found, in South Africa, to carry antiretroviral drugs in the plasma.9 In conclusion, it is very important to educate the medical staff in charge of HIV patients and at-risk individuals, underscoring the associated risk posed by a blood donation from an HIV infected person to the wellness of recipients.

References
[1]
E.C. Moreno, R. Bruhn, E.C. Sabino, E. Bolina-Santos, C. Miranda, A.B. Carneiro-Proietti, et al.
Test seeking: are healthcare professionals referring people to blood centers for infections marker testing?.
Hematol Transf Cell Ther, (2019),
[2]
T.T. Goncalez, E.C. Sabino, E.L. Murphy, S. Chen, D.A. Chamone, W. McFarland.
Human immunodeficiency virus test-seeking motivation in blood donors, São Paulo, Brazil.
[3]
J.T. Lau, J. Thomas, C.K. Lin.
HIV-related behaviours among voluntary blood donors in Hong Kong.
AIDS Care, 14 (2002), pp. 481-492
[4]
C. Miranda, E. Moreno, R. Bruhn, N.M. Larsen, D.J. Wright, C.D. Oliveira, et al.
Knowledge of HIV testing and attitudes towards blood donation at three blood centres in Brazil.
Vox Sang, 106 (2014), pp. 344-353
[5]
M. Raimondo, G. Facco, V. Regine, S. Pupella, G. Grazzini, B. Suligoi.
HIV-positive blood donors unaware of their sexual at-risk behaviours before donation in Italy.
Vox Sang, 110 (2016), pp. 134-142
[6]
B. Grinsztejn, B. Hoagland, R.I. Moreira, E.G. Kallas, J.V. Madruga, S. Goulart, et al.
Retention, engagement, and adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis for men who have sex with men and transgender women in PrEP Brasil: 48 week results of a demonstration study.
Lancet HIV, (2018), pp. e136-e145
[7]
D. Donnell, E. Ramos, C. Celum, J. Baeten, J. Dragavon, J. Tappero, et al.
The effect of oral preexposure prophylaxis on the progression of HIV-1 seroconversion.
[8]
S.G. Deeks, B.D. Walker.
Human immunodeficiency virus controllers: mechanisms of 230 durable virus control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy.
Immunity, 27 (2007), pp. 406-416
[9]
W. Sykes, K. van den Berg, G. Jacobs, A. Jauregui, N. Roubinian, L. Wiesner, G. Maartens, et al.
Discovery of “false Elite Controllers”: HIV antibody-positive RNA-negative blood donors found to be on antiretroviral treatment.
J Infect Dis, (2019),

See paper by Moreno et al. on pages [229–235].

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